Purpose of Standardisation in exam
The purpose of this Standardisation is to make sure that the scores reliably indicate the abilities or skills being measured, and no other things, such as different instructions about what to do if the test taker does not know the answer to a question.
Standardisation ” in the context of examinations refers to the process of ensuring that the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the results of an exam are consistent across all test-takers and testing conditions. This approach aims to ensure fairness and objectivity in the way exams are conducted and evaluated. Here are some key aspects of standardizasion in exams:
1. Consistent Test Conditions: Standardisation means that all students take the exam under the same conditions. This includes similar timing, environment, instructions, and materials, which helps to eliminate variations that could unfairly advantage or disadvantage some students.
2. Uniform Scoring Criteria: The scoring system is standardised so that all answers are evaluated against the same criteria, regardless of who marks the exam. This is particularly important for subjective questions, where scoring might otherwise vary between different graders.
3. Equitable Content: The exam content is designed to be fair to all test-takers. This involves ensuring that the material tested is relevant and has been covered during study and is accessible to all participants without bias towards groups.
4. Reliability and Validity: Standardised exams are typically rigorously tested to ensure they reliably measure what they are supposed to measure (reliability) and accurately assess the knowledge or skills they intend to test (validity).
5. Predefined Administration Protocols: Detailed protocols dictate how exams should be administered, from the way questions are presented to how papers are collected. This helps to prevent any procedural discrepancies that could affect performance.
6. Normalisation: Sometimes, especially in large-scale testing scenarios (like standardised entrance tests), scores are normalised to account for any slight variations in difficulty across different versions of the test or different testing sessions.
The Need for Standardised Tests
1. When assessing student comprehension or competency in a particular subject area, a given teacher may use a variety of methods. Given the subjective nature of individual teacher and district assessments, standardised tests allow for less probability of subjective bias when scoring responses.
2. To complete exam questions for these types of tests, the time allotment is the same for each student, and the use of multiple-choice or true-false problems increases the chance of neutral and accurate outcomes.
The following are reasons why standardised tests are prevalent
1. Assessing data and performing quantitative analysis of that data are both design goals for standardised assessment exams. This enables schools to benchmark and evaluate their students’ performance against the representative sample used in the standardization process using the final published assessments.
2. A child’s standardised test scores could help teachers decide how to address knowledge gaps in a particular subject.
3. School administrators can also use test scores to figure out if specific teachers need more training. If some classes are underperforming relative to state standards, more teacher training may need to be completed.
Benefits of standardised Tests
Standardised testing can:
1. Establish a universal educational standard: The objective of standardised is to set a baseline for comparison. Any form of assessment outside of school curricula, which might vary considerably within different education departments, can help a school system compare students from varied backgrounds because all the students took the same test. It becomes easier to evaluate and score individuals when they are measured against a common standard.
2. Demonstrate student progress: standardised exams can show student improvement over time by taking the same tests over time. In addition, student test scores can also be easily compared to each other to show changes in progress.
3. Ensure that all educational stakeholders are held accountable: Ideally, standardised exams assist in defining bigger academic standards for schools across states and the nation. By measuring student achievement, standardized exams can also inform educational policies. School principals and governments are aware that if students in a specific school or district are struggling to achieve at a grade level, the school administration and community stakeholders should intervene and offer help.
Self-comparison:
“Don’t compare yourself with others, compare yourself with you were yesterday – Jordan Peterson”
Self-comparison refers to the process of evaluating oneself or one’s performance against certain criteria, standards, or benchmarks. This comparison can be internal, where you assess your own progress or abilities, or external, where you compare yourself to others or to predefined measures of success.
Self-comparison, when used thoughtfully, can offer several benefits for students, particularly in their educational and personal development:
1. Goal Setting: By comparing their achievements or skills with those of their peers or benchmarks, students can identify specific goals for themselves. It provides a clearer sense of direction and priorities, which is essential in academic planning.
2. Self-Motivation: Seeing the progress or success of others can inspire students to strive for similar achievements. It can serve as a motivator to maintain or increase effort in their studies.
3. Self-Awareness: Regular self-comparison helps students become more aware of their strengths and weaknesses. This awareness is crucial for personal development and effective learning strategies.
4. Performance Improvement: By understanding where they stand relative to their peers, students can pinpoint areas where they need improvement, leading to targeted efforts that can enhance their academic performance.
5. Adaptability: Engaging in self-comparison can also teach students to adapt their learning strategies based on feedback and comparisons. This adaptability can be beneficial throughout their educational journey and beyond.
6. Realistic Self-Perception: Constructive self-comparison can help students maintain a balanced view of their capabilities and achievements, preventing overconfidence or underestimation of their abilities.
References:
1. Definition of Standardise exams
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_test#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of %20this%20standardization,the%20answer%20to%20a%20question.
2. Need for standardise tests
https://educationadvanced.com/resources/blog/standardized-tests-the-benefits and-impacts-of-implementing-standardized/
3. Benefits of Standardised tests
https://educationadvanced.com/resources/blog/standardized-tests-the-benefits and-impacts-of-implementing-standardized/
Conclusion:
1. If a student does not do well on an exam, they will be given a worksheet that focuses on the areas where they struggled.
2. By working through the worksheet, the student can better understand where they went wrong and what they need to work on.
3. Comparing to self will help student to know his improvement and will develop self confidence.
4. By continuous practice and improvement, he will be more likely to succeed in exams.
Why data matters for parents?
Parents are essential partners in education, and they have a right and a responsibility to know how their children are performing and progressing. Data can help parents understand their children’s strengths and challenges, monitor their goals and achievements, and support their learning at home and school. Data can also help parents advocate for their children’s needs and interests and participate in school improvement efforts.
How to engage parents with data?
Data sharing is not a one-way communication, but a two-way dialogue. You should not only inform parents, but also involve them in the data analysis and interpretation. You should ask parents for their opinions, insights, and suggestions, and listen to their concerns and questions. You should also encourage parents to use the data to support their children’s learning at home, such as by setting goals, providing feedback, and celebrating achievements.
Stronger partnership with parents
Parents who are informed on what and why instructional or intervention efforts are being delivered to their child – and see the data that is driving these strategies – feel empowered and more equipped to help progress day-to-day teaching efforts outside of the classroom.
1. Identifying Student Needs
Utilizing data analysis in teaching provides valuable insights into students’ needs and requirements. By examining various data points such as assessments, quizzes, and classroom observations, teachers can gain a comprehensive understanding of each student’s strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles.
2. Tracking student progress
By collecting and analysing various forms of data, such as assessments, quizzes, and assignments, teachers can monitor individual student performance over time. This allows educators to identify trends, patterns, and areas of improvement or concern.
3. Assessing Learning Outcomes
By comparing the data against predetermined benchmarks or standards, teachers can determine the effectiveness of their instructional strategies and adjust their teaching methods accordingly. data analysis help teachers make evidence-based decisions about curriculum design, instructional techniques, and interventions to improve learning outcomes for their students.
4. Differentiating Instructions
Data-driven differentiation enables teachers to provide personalized learning experiences that foster student engagement, motivation, and academic growth. It ensures that students receive the necessary support and opportunities to succeed, regardless of their individual abilities or prior knowledge.
5. Identifying effective teaching strategies
Through data analysis, teachers can determine which teaching strategies and approaches are most effective in promoting student learning and achievement. They can identify patterns and trends in the data that highlight successful instructional techniques or areas that may need improvement.
6. Enhancing Parent-Teacher Communication
Sharing data-driven information allows teachers to have meaningful discussions with parents, enabling them to provide a comprehensive understanding of the student’s performance. This data can include assessment results, classwork samples, and observations that support the teacher’s assessment of the child’s progress.
7. Making informed decisions about instructional content and methods
By collecting and analysing student data, teachers gain valuable insights into individual strengths, weaknesses, and progress. This information guides the selection of appropriate instructional materials, pacing, and differentiation strategies to meet diverse student needs.
8. Identifying areas of professional development for teachers using data
By collecting and analysing data related to student performance, classroom observations, and feedback, teachers can gain insights into their instructional practices and areas for growth. These data-driven insights can be used to identify specific areas where teachers may benefit from additional training, resources, or support.
https://www.upeducators.com/blog/how-data-analysis-help-in-teaching-better/
References:
1. Why data matters for parents?
https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-can you-use-data-engage-parents-education-1nkde
2. How to engage data with parents?
https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how can-you-use-data-engage-parents-education-1nkde
3. How data analysis help in teaching better?
https://www.upeducators.com/blog/how-data-analysis-help-in-teaching better/
Conclusion:
1. A detailed summary and analysis report is generated after the test.
2. Test summary report: It contains topic name, number of questions, attempted questions, correct answers, wrong answers, score and number of worksheets
3. Test analysis report: It contains the different areas of students’ progress.
4. Teachers and parents can see a detailed analysis of student’s performance.
5. This helps them to understand area where a child needs to focus.
What Motivates Students?
1. Motivation refers to the reasons individuals take action. Motivation to learn is a willingness or desire to gain information, develop skills, and attain mastery. Motivation is tied to the belief that learning is interesting and relevant and therefore of value.
2. The reason for learning something must be perceived as worth the effort and emotional investment required to accomplish the learning.
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
1. Intrinsically motivated students engage in an activity “for its own sake, for the enjoyment it provides, the learning it permits, or the feelings of accomplishment it evokes.” Extrinsically motivated students, on the other hand, perform “in order to obtain some reward or avoid some punishment external to the activity itself,” such as grades or teacher approval (Lepper, 1988).
2. Research suggests that intrinsically motivated students earn higher grades and achievement test scores than extrinsically motivated students. Intrinsically motivated students also tend to employ learning strategies that demand more effort, prefer more challenging tasks, feel more confident about their ability to learn new materials, and retain information and concepts longer. In contrast, extrinsically motivated students prefer tasks with a low degree of difficulty and tend to put forth a minimal amount of effort (Brewster & Fager, 2000; Dev, 1997; Lumsden, 1994; Lepper, 1988).
3. Research indicates that verbal rewards, such as positive feedback, enhance students’ motivation, while indiscriminate use of tangible rewards can actually lead to decreases in intrinsic motivation. When rewards are used, they must be used sparingly and clearly linked to realistic performance standards.
Motivational Strategies
Student motivation is influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include students’ individual dispositions, interests, responsibility for learning, values, and perceived ability. External factors include the types of schooling practices that promote or inhibit motivation.
A summary of research-based strategies for motivating students to learn is provided below.
1. Connect learning to students’ lives: Research has shown that students are more motivated to learn when they understand their education is personally relevant to their interests and goals.
2. Connect effort with successful outcomes: Students are more likely to engage fully when they recognize the link between effort and outcome. When students learn to associate their hard work with accomplishments and success, they will be more motivated to participate in learning activities.
3. Use engaging teaching methods: Research has found that children and adults who are interested in particular activities or topics pay closer attention, persist for longer periods of time, learn more, and have more positive feelings about the learning experience.
4. Clearly articulate criteria for success: Classroom expectations for performance and behaviour should be clear and consistent. Teachers should explain exactly what is expected on assignments or activities.
5. Set realistic goals. Teachers should help students set achievable goals for themselves. Setting a goal demonstrates an intention to achieve and activates learning. Research has found that students who set their own goals demonstrate greater effort and persistence than those whose expectations are set by others.
6. Assess students’ skills, interests, and learning needs: Teachers should learn about their students’ viewpoints, interests, hobbies, and extracurricular activities and assess their level of understanding, skills, and self-initiative to ensure enthusiasm toward learning
7. Give students control over their own learning: Research suggests that students’ motivation increases when they are given as much control over their own learning as possible, within the constraints of the educational setting. Allowing students to take part in the decision-making process and giving them an active role in their own learning has been found to foster intrinsic motivation.
Goal setting:
When a student sets academic goals, it helps them focus, creates motivation in their schoolwork, and allows new—more positive—behaviours to form.
As motivational speaker Tony Robbins has pointed out, “Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible into the visible.”
Why Goal Setting Matters
Research indicates that goal setting can impact student motivation and academic success. The American Institutes for Research asserts that setting goals can fuel “students’ learning-to-learn skills, such as a sense of agency, intrinsic motivation, and capacity to manage their own learning.”
How to Use Goal Setting with Your Students
Teachers can encourage students to set their goals through various channels, including group meetings, one-to-one advising sessions, or daily lesson plans. Academic goals should encompass a few factors:
1. Be specific: Tell students to focus on exactly what they want to achieve. If they want to become better at science, for instance, they should focus on one or two steps that would get them to that goal. For example, their goal might be to do science homework every night and get extra help weekly.
2. Measure progress: A student should know when they meet their goal—or at least understand that they are making progress toward it. So what does that look like? One way is to set milestones, acknowledge when each one is achieved, and define next steps (e.g., no longer needing tutoring in a subject area).
3. Make it attainable: An impossible goal merely frustrates a student. They need to know that while goals are meant to challenge, they must be achievable within the required time frame and with the resources they have. The goals should also be relevant to their ultimate objective.
4. Set a timetable: Goal setting should come with an expiration date. When will a student start working toward a goal, and when does completion happen?
“Aiming for progress—rather than perfection—will allow students to maintain perspective, celebrate achievements, and continue persevering toward their goals,” says educator Nancy Barile in an opinion piece for Education Week.4
References:
1. What motivates them?
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544660.pdf
2. Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544660.pdf
3. Motivational Strategies
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544660.pdf
4. Why goal setting matters
https://www.waldenu.edu/online-masters-programs/ms-in-education/resource/what
teachers should-know-about-student-goal-setting
5. How to use goal setting with your students
https://www.waldenu.edu/online-masters-programs/ms-ineducation/resource/what-teachers-should-know-about-student-goal-setting
Conclusion:
1. When a student finds a topic interesting, they are more likely to immerse themselves in it and gather information eagerly.
2. This inherent motivation drives them to explore the subject thoroughly, seeking out various resources, perspectives, and insights.
3. Example, if a student is more interested in English but least interested in Maths, he can develop interest in Maths by regularly solving interesting puzzles, examples and tricky questions.
4. This will help him for further studies, competitive exams and to solve tedious calculations.
Definition:
1. Measuring progress refers to monitoring how much your students learn and how they develop over a period of time.
2. Measuring progress enables schools and teachers to identify areas of strength and areas for improvement, and to prioritise actions.
3. At an individual student level, it enables teachers to recognize students who are making good progress and those who might need extra support.
4. It also provides a means for evaluating the impact of different approaches, strategies and teaching practices. It is very difficult to improve without measuring progress.
How to measure student’s progress?
1. Information about student learning can be assessed through both direct and indirect measures. Direct measures may include homework, quizzes, exams, reports, essays, research projects, case study analysis, and rubrics for oral and other performances.
2. Examples of indirect measures include course evaluations, student surveys, course enrolment information, retention in the major, alumni surveys, and graduate school placement rates.
Approaches to measuring students learning:
Methods of measuring student learning are often characterized as summative or formative assessments:
1. Summative assessments – tests, quizzes, and other graded course activities that are used to measure student performance. They are cumulative and often reveal what students have learned at the end of a unit or the end of a course. Within a course, summative assessment includes the system for calculating individual student grades.
2. Formative assessment – any means by which students receive input and guiding feedback on their relative performance to help them improve. It can be provided face-to-face in office hours, in written comments on assignments, through rubrics, and through emails.
Considerations for Measuring Student Learning
As you develop methods for assessing your students consider:
1. including indirect and direct assessments as well as formative and summative assessments
2. evaluating whether or not the assessment aligns directly with a learning outcome
3. ensuring the measurement is sustainable and reasonable in terms of time and resources, both for the students and the instructors (e.g., grading, response time, and methods)
4. using the results of the assessments to improve the course. Examples include revising course content in terms of depth vs. breadth, realignment between goals and teaching methods, employment of more appropriate assessment methods.
References:
2. How to measure students’ progress?
https://teaching.cornell.edu/teaching resources/assessment-evaluation/measuring-student-learning
3. Approaches to measuring student learning
https://teaching.cornell.edu/teaching resources/assessment-evaluation/measuring-student-learning
4. Considerations for measuring students learning
https://teaching.cornell.edu/teaching-resources/assessment-evaluation/measuring student-learning
Conclusion:
1. Measuring progress helps student to setting goals, figure out areas for improvement and areas of achievement, tracking improvement.
2. The student’s progress is measured in the areas such as: Weak Area, Strong Area, Good Area, Average Area, Fastest Area, and Slowest Area.
3. Weak Area: It indicates the area where a student needs more focus.
4. Average Area: It indicates the area where a student is doing good but needs more focus.
5. Good Area: It indicates the area where a student is doing well.
6. Best Area: It indicates the area where student is doing best.
7. Fastest Area: It indicates the area where student requires less amount of time to solve the question.
8. Slowest Area: It indicates the area where student requires more amount of time to solve the question.
9. With the help of this student as well as parents will know the area, where a child is moving forward and where the child is lagging.
What is flexible assessment?
1. Flexible assessment is by definition, flexible. It is assessment designed to enable and facilitate student choice, such as in the method or format of their assessment, or the topics on which they choose to focus.
2. Flexibility in assessment is about responding to students’ individual learning needs as well as needs of the curriculum. The key is making assessment relevant to the learner
3. As such, it is an approach which emphasises the role of assessment FOR learning.
What is the need of flexibility in exam means?
NCF’s one of the guiding principles “making examinations more flexible and integrating them with classroom life”
Flexibility in assessment can further motivate students and engage them in the learning process by giving them some control over their learning. Building flexibility into your assessment by giving students agency in the process can help realise a variety of positive student attributes, including creativity and engagement. It can also foster inclusivity and deeper learning in the subject.
What is the purpose of flexible exam formats?
1. The purpose of flexibility in the examination is to provide students with the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a way that is more aligned with their strengths and abilities. Furthermore, it builds in more opportunity for developing soft skills, work skills and digital skills.
2. This can help to reduce stress and anxiety for students, promote a more inclusive and equitable learning environment, and ensure that students are able to perform to the best of their abilities.
3. The Flexible course format is builds and improves upon the popular Grid format adding:
1. Better responsiveness on mobile devices
2. Ability to show completion per section
3. Ability to show images within individual course sections
4. Ability to make certain sections pop out of the grid in a collapsible manner
Features:
1. Alternative exam formats: This can include options such as oral exams, take-home exams, or open-book exams, which allow students to demonstrate their knowledge in different ways.
2. Accommodations for disabilities: Students with disabilities or learning differences may require accommodations such as extra time, specialized equipment, or a quiet testing environment to fully demonstrate their knowledge and abilities.
3. Rescheduling options: In some cases, students may require flexibility in their exam schedules due to personal circumstances, such as illness, family emergencies, or other unforeseen events.
4. Clear policies and procedures: Institutions should have clear policies and procedures in place to ensure that students are aware of their options for flexibility in examination and know how to request accommodations or rescheduling.
5. Consistent standards and rigor: While providing flexibility, institutions must ensure that academic standards and rigor are maintained and that students are held to the same standards of performance regardless of the exam format or accommodations.
Benefits:
1. Increase student motivation
2. Increase feedback
3. Provide immediate feedback
4. Increase flexibility
5. Reduce testing time
6. Increase the objectivity and consistency of marking
7. Enable to assess larger classes effectively
8. Increase administrative efficiency
9. Bring about less exam anxiety
References:
1. https://academicjournals.org/journal/ERR/article-full-text pdf/05929BF4871.pdf
3. What is the need of flexibility in exam means? NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2005
4. What is flexible assessment
https://blogs.tees.ac.uk/lteonline/learning-and teaching/flexible-hybrid-assessment/
Conclusion:
1. Pariksha provides of several types of tests based on the curriculum, such as: Chapter wise Test, Unit Test, Semester Test, Final Test.
2. Chapter wise Test: It contains questions on specific chapter.
3. Unit Test: It contains questions on consecutive two or three chapters.
4.Semester Test: It contains questions on consecutive four or five chapters.
5. Final Test: It contains questions on whole syllabus.
6. A student can choose type of test he wants to give. It helps student to prepare for school exams as well.
What is Customized Study Plan?
1. Personalised study plans are exactly what they sound like — a plan for academic success individually tailored to a student, either for standardized testing or over the course of a school year.
2. Personalized study plans (let’s call them PSPs) are usually student directed in collaboration with teachers, parents, and tutors, and can help to improve performance in many ways.
3. Personalized study plans allow students to assess their current abilities, think about future goals and how to reach them, and take ownership in creating their learning environment.
5 Reasons Personalized Study plans are effective:
1. PSPs utilize a student’s learning style:
To help determine learning preference, students should consider which classes or assignments they’ve excelled at, or which concepts they had trouble understanding until they approached it through a different method.
2. PSPs tap into student motivation:
Students should take time to assess which approaches are hardest or easiest for them and use that to identify the best way to stay motivated and then, incorporate that into the plan.
3. PSPs help define goals:
Personalized study plans can streamline the study process by asking students to think about their end goals and focus their efforts on achieving them. PSPs can also work effectively across disciplines to help students choose the best combination of classes or do interdisciplinary projects that align with their interests.
4. PSPs allow progress tracking and improvement assessment: PSPs can also be helpful as a supplement to grades and allow students to see improvement even between assignments. Students can track their more qualitative goals of understanding or see progress in other terms, like hours spent or vocabulary learned.
5. PSPs help guide communication:
Personalized study plans allow students to assess their current abilities, think about future goals and how to reach them, and take ownership in creating their learning environment. Parents, teachers, tutors and students can all benefit and coordinate to help students achieve their goals by creating one together.
Framework for Personalised Study Plan creation:
1. General Structure of study planning framework
1. This framework allows any learner to tailor a desired study program by adapting the modularized curriculum structure and to choose the suitable learning strategy for each study course5,6.
2. To fulfil a personalized study planning framework, a Study Planning System (SPS) as a prototype4 has been developed according to the personalized study planning framework.
3. Based on the graph G2(V2, Q2) this prototype allows individually to visualize and design the study plan according to the graph G1(V1, Q1) as well as the choice of a study course.
4. Input of learning objects is provided if the graph for representing learning objects G4(V4, Q4) is not visually represented in the prototype.
5. Study Planning System prototype does not implement the graph for presenting course topics with a concept map G3(V3, Q3).
2. Concept maps of course topics
Concept maps can be helpful in the study process and when evaluating knowledge8,10. Because they laconic reflect all acquired concepts to learner.
Concept maps can be displayed in several levels: small concept map for displaying a single study course, a large concept map for displaying the whole study program. With the help of the concept maps it is possible to demonstrate the concept cross links. The hierarchical arrangement of the concept maps demonstrates the learning sequence of the concepts.
References:
1. https://www.fastweb.com/student-life/articles/five-reasons-personalized study-plans-are-effective
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050917300947
Conclusion:
Customized study plans offer targeted learning, efficient time management, motivation and engagement. If a student fails in Test, he/she will be allocated worksheet accordingly. This helps him/her to strengthen his/her weaker area, build concepts thoroughly and learning on his own pace.
Definition:
‘Individual Assessment for learning’ refers to the process of evaluating and providing feedback on a student’s progress, understanding, and skills in an educational context. This form of assessment focuses on the individual student’s learning journey, emphasizing personalized feedback, self-reflection, skill development, ownership of learning, and continuous improvement.
Key Characteristics:
1. Personalized Feedback: Tailoring feedback to address the specific strengths and areas for improvement of each student.
2. Self-Reflection: Encouraging students to reflect on their learning processes, set goals, and monitor their progress towards achieving those goals.
3. Skill Development: Assessing not only the student’s knowledge but also their critical thinking, problem-solving, and self-regulation skills.
4. Ownership of Learning: Empowering students to take responsibility for their learning by engaging in self-assessment and goal-setting activities.
5. Continuous Improvement: Fostering a growth mindset by focusing on progress and development over time, with an emphasis on ongoing learning and enhancement.
What is Assessment for Learning vs. Assessment of Learning?
Assessments have become integral to today’s teaching, learning, and data driven decision-making efforts. Within the world of assessments, there are two paramount ideologies at work: assessments for learning and assessments of learning.
Both forms of assessments serve a distinct and powerful purpose, and it’s important to understand how they play off one another and ultimately enhance instruction, intervention, and student achievement.
Assessments of Learning
Assessments of learning are typically administered at the end of a unit or grading period and evaluate a student’s understanding by comparing his or her achievement against a class-, district-, or nationwide benchmark or standard, as noted by the Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence & Educational Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University.
Benchmark assessments are examples of assessments of learning, where students are assessed three times per year for universal screening (early identification).
Assessments for Learning
1. Assessments for learning – also described as assessments as learning – assess a student’s comprehension and understanding of a skill or lesson during the learning and teaching process.
2. According to the Eberly Center at Carnegie Mellon, this provides educators with ongoing feedback and allows them to:
1. Identify at-risk students early
2. Adjust instruction accordingly and immediately
3. Monitor student progress
3. Frequent progress monitoring is an example of assessments for learning, where a student’s academic performance is regularly assessed between benchmarks to determine if the current instruction and intervention is positively impacting student achievement or if adjustments need to be implemented.
What is the difference between group and individual assessment?
Individual Assessment Methods:
1. Focus: Individual assessment methods concentrate on evaluating the knowledge, skills, and performance of each student separately.
2.Purpose: These methods aim to measure the individual student’s understanding, application of concepts, and learning progress. • Examples: Quizzes, tests, activity journals, and individual assignments are common individual assessment methods used in online teaching.
3. Evaluation: Individual assessments provide insights into each student’s strengths, weaknesses, and learning outcomes.
Group Assessment Methods:
1. Focus: Group assessment methods assess the collective work, collaboration, and outcomes of a group of students working together.
2. Purpose: These methods evaluate the group’s ability to collaborate, communicate, and produce a joint project or assignment. Examples: Group projects, discussions, and group report writing are typical group assessment methods in online teaching.
3. Evaluation: Group assessments help in assessing teamwork, communication skills, and the ability to work collaboratively towards a common goal.
What is the need of ‘Individual assessment for learning’?
Individual assessment plays a crucial role in the learning process for several reasons:
1. Personalized Feedback: Individual assessment allows educators to provide personalized feedback to each student based on their unique strengths and areas for improvement. This targeted feedback can help students understand their progress and make necessary adjustments to enhance their learning.
2. Self-Regulated Learning: Individual assessment is linked to self regulated learning, where students set goals, monitor their progress, and adjust their strategies to achieve those goals. Through individual assessment, students can develop a deeper understanding of their own learning processes and take ownership of their learning journey.
3. Enhanced Performance: By engaging in individual assessment, students can identify their strengths and weaknesses, leading to improved performance over time. The feedback received through individual assessment can guide students in refining their skills and knowledge, ultimately enhancing their academic achievements.
4. Promotion of Self-Assessment Skills: Individual assessment encourages students to develop self-assessment skills, where they learn to evaluate their own work critically. This skill is valuable not only in academic settings but also in real-world scenarios where self-evaluation is essential for continuous improvement.
5. Formative Learning Opportunities: Individual assessment, particularly when conducted formatively, provides students with opportunities for ongoing learning and growth. Through formative assessment practices, students can receive feedback that informs their next steps, leading to deeper understanding and mastery of content.
What are the methods should be applied for Individual Assessment for Learning?
1. Rubrics: Using rubrics can provide clear criteria for assessment, allowing students to understand expectations and enabling educators to provide specific feedback on different aspects of student work. Rubrics help standardize assessment while still allowing for individualized feedback.
2. Formative Feedback: Providing formative feedback throughout the learning process is essential for individual assessment. Timely and specific feedback helps students understand their progress, make necessary adjustments, and continue to develop their skills and knowledge.
3. Goal Setting: Incorporating goal setting as part of individual assessment can help students focus on specific learning objectives. By setting goals, monitoring progress, and reflecting on achievements, students can take ownership of their learning and track their individual development.
4. Questioning Techniques: Using effective questioning techniques during individual assessment can help educators gauge student understanding, prompt critical thinking, and uncover misconceptions. Open-ended questions can encourage students to articulate their thoughts and demonstrate their comprehension.
What are the benefits of ‘Individual Assessment’ for a student?
1. Self-Reflection: Through individual assessment, students have the opportunity to reflect on their own work and learning processes. This self-reflection fosters metacognitive skills, allowing students to develop a deeper understanding of their learning strategies and make informed decisions about their academic progress.
2. Ownership of Learning: Individual assessment empowers students to take ownership of their learning journey. By engaging in self-assessment and receiving personalized feedback, students become active participants in their education, setting goals, monitoring their progress, and making adjustments to achieve academic success.
3. Skill Development: Individual assessment helps students develop essential skills such as critical thinking, self-assessment, and goal setting. By engaging in assessment practices that focus on individual progress, students can enhance their analytical abilities, problem-solving skills, and self-regulation.
4. Continuous Improvement: Individual assessment supports a growth mindset by emphasizing progress and development over time. By receiving ongoing feedback and opportunities for reflection, students can continuously improve their skills, knowledge, and academic performance.
References:
1. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2019.00087/full
2. https://www.oecd.org/site/educeri21st/40600533.pdf
3. https://cambridge-community.org.uk/professional-development/gswafl/index.html
Conclusion:
1. In Pariksha, after submitting test student gets his score, based on the score he will be allocated worksheets accordingly. This helps student to figure out his/her area of practice on his own. This leads student to work on his/her ‘weak spot.’
2. In today’s educational system, a teacher cannot focus on individual child, even if he/she wants to. But with help of the Pariksha Initiative, student self can understand his weak spot and give assessment tests on that.
What is progress tracking?
1. Tracking progress is a practice that holds immense potential for personal and professional growth. Whether it’s achieving fitness goals, advancing in a career, or mastering a new skill, monitoring one’s progress can significantly enhance motivation, productivity, and overall success.
2. Progress tracking is one of the most important feedback information types where the decision making, and consequently project success, undeniably depends on accurate and efficient progress tracking in the construction projects.
Importance of progress tracking:
1. Tracking a student’s progress is not only beneficial for a student, but also for the teacher who teaches students for years. To bring significant development among the students, it is important to understand them and their shortcomings, strengths, weaknesses, attitudes, and nature toward their studies.
2. Student progress can be measured by the previous growth statistics and the teachers, as well as parents, can see if they are making progress in the subjects.
Benefits:
1. Enhanced Motivation: Research by O’Leary and Dockray (2015) suggests that tracking progress towards goals enhances motivation and commitment. Seeing tangible evidence of progress reinforces a sense of achievement and provides momentum to continue working towards desired outcomes.
2. Increased Awareness: Progress tracking promotes self-awareness by highlighting patterns, trends, and areas of strength or weakness. Research by Carver and Scheier (1998) emphasizes the role of self-regulation in goal pursuit, highlighting the importance of self monitoring and feedback in achieving desired outcomes.
3. Improved Performance: Studies by Locke and Latham (2002) have shown that setting specific, challenging goals and monitoring progress towards them leads to higher levels of performance. Progress tracking facilitates goal attainment by promoting focused effort, prioritization of tasks, and adjustment of strategies based on feedback.
4. Accountability and Commitment: Publicly tracking progress, whether through social accountability or shared goal-setting platforms, enhances accountability and commitment. Research by Koo and Fishbach (2012) demonstrates that public commitment increases
motivation and follow-through on goals, as individuals strive to maintain a positive self image and meet social expectations.
Best practices for progress tracking:
1. Set Clear and Measurable Goals: Establish specific, achievable goals that can be objectively measured. Clearly define success criteria and milestones to track progress effectively.
2. Choose Appropriate Metrics: Select relevant metrics and indicators that align with your goals and provide meaningful insights into progress. Balance quantitative data with qualitative observations to gain a comprehensive understanding of performance.
3. Regular Monitoring and Review: Consistently track and review progress, preferably on a regular basis. Schedule dedicated time for reflection, analysis, and adjustment of strategies based on feedback.
4. Celebrate Milestones: Acknowledge and celebrate achievements, no matter how small. Recognizing progress boosts morale, reinforces positive behaviours, and sustains motivation over the long term.
Performance analytics:
What are performance analytics?
This analysis aims to understand the influence of important factors such as parental level of education, the status of test preparation course etc. on the performance of the students in the exams.
Why student performance analysis matters?
Student performance analysis holds significant importance for several reasons:
1. Personalized support: Knowing students’ strengths and weaknesses guides tailored interventions for enhanced learning support.
2. Efficient resource use: Performance analysis aids targeted resource allocation, providing extra help for challenging subjects or advanced resources where needed.
• Enhanced curriculum: Performance data refines teaching methods, content, and learning experiences, improving the curriculum.
• Timely interventions: Early performance detection allows proactive support, preventing future academic struggles.
• Teaching effectiveness: Analysis fosters accountability, encouraging adaptive teaching for better outcomes.
• Improved engagement: Performance insights tailor teaching methods, boosting student motivation and involvement.
• Strategic planning: Trend analysis supports long-term educational planning, predicting needs, and adapting to evolving requirements for continuous improvement.
Benefits of Student Performance Analytics
1. Identify students who are struggling: Student performance analytics can help educators to identify students who are struggling academically. This information can be used to provide students with additional support, such as tutoring or remediation.
2. Track student progress over time: Student performance analytics can track student progress over time. This information can be used to assess the effectiveness of teaching and learning strategies and to make improvements where necessary.
3. Identify areas for improvement: Student performance analytics can identify areas where students need additional support. This information can be used to develop personalized interventions that can help students to succeed.
4. Make data-driven decisions: Student performance analytics can help educators to make data-driven decisions about teaching and learning. This information can be used to improve the quality of education for all students.
References:
1. Benefits of Progress tracking
https://medium.com/@ArvindUpadhyayAuthor/the-power-of-progress-tracking a-research-based-exploration-1c048be73f8c
2. Best Practices of Progress tracking
https://medium.com/@ArvindUpadhyayAuthor/the-power-of-progress-tracking a-research-based-exploration-1c048be73f8c
3. Images
https://logicresearchlabs.com/student-performance-analytics/
4. Why student performance analytics matters?
https://www.boldbi.com/blog/educational-insights-analyzing-student performance-with-bi-dashboards
5. Benefits of performance analytics
https://egov.embase.in/student performance-analytics
Conclusion:
1. Detailed performance analytics provide a comprehensive assessment of a student’s performance, highlighting both their strengths and weaknesses.
2. This analysis helps pinpoint specific skills or concepts that the student has mastered and those that require further attention.
3. Individual progress tracking offers students a means of self-reflection and self assessment.
4. Individual progress tracking not only facilitates self-comparison but also fosters empowerment and accountability within students.
What are on demand exams?
A set of Question Paper is generated randomly by the computer out of already developed Question Bank based on the blueprint and paper design of the subject as and when demanded.
FRAMEWORK OF ODE
The planning and operational aspects of the On-Demand Examination (ODE) are as follows:
1. Development of the Question Bank based on the Designs and Blueprints
2. Development of Software Application Programme
3. Generation of Question paper and the corresponding Marking Scheme
Concept of ODE
Under ODE, a unique question paper having defined number of items is generated randomly by the computer. The question paper is unique for each student.
(3.1)https://oasis.col.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d00ff700-e8d3-46d2-9cc2- 946c8942d67f/content
Significant Characteristics of ODE
1. ODE allows the student to take examination when he/she is ready. Readiness depends on the Student and not on the institution.
2. ODE permits the student to choose the date of his/her examination.
3. ODE reduces the threat of failure in examination.
4. ODE removes frustration, loss of self esteem, peer group ridicule, and depression that are generally characterized by the Term-End Examination.
5. Since under ODE, information about result is immediate, success even bits is a strong motivating factor.
6. Under ODE, the degree and level of performance is decided by the student who can reappear in the examination as many times as s/he wants, till satisfied.
7. ODE is also helpful in containing malpractices in examinations, as it is a system where the tools for evaluation are unique for individual student. The question paper for each Student is different having comparable difficulty level.
8. ODE respects the individuality and sovereignty of the student.
https://oasis.col.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d00ff700-e8d3-46d2-9cc2- 946c8942d67f/content
Advantages
1. Allows the Student to get assessed when he/ she is ready. Readiness depends on the student and not on the institution.
2. Attempts to remove the stress of appearing in examination(s), whether for all subjects or in one subject at a fixed time and schedule.
3. Attempts to remove the threat of failure in examination.
4. Removes frustration, loss of self-esteem, peer group ridicule, depression etc.
5. Knowledge of results is almost immediate and success, even in one subject, is a strong motivating factor.
6. Degree and level of performance is decided by the student who can reappear in the examination as many times as one wants, till satisfied.
7. Every question paper for each Student is different having comparable difficulty level.
8. Respects the individuality and sovereignty of each Student.
Features:
1. Students can register online for On-Demand Exam anytime from anywhere.
2. Multi-mode registration-fee payment system including online payment through Credit Card or payment through bank draft.
3. Individualized question papers for different students generated on the day of examination.
4. Online submission of attendance on the day of exam.
Learners’ Views
1. As this system is very flexible in terms of the examination date, one can prepare for the examination according to one’s availability of time.
2. They get enough time for preparation, and they can improve as many times as they want.
3. There is no fixed time for registration. The students can register on any day for writing the examination.
4.We can plan to appear in the examination as per our preparation and get the chance to re-appear immediately in the very next month.
Framework of ODE
The planning and operational aspects of the On-Demand Examination (ODE) are as follows:
1.Development of the Question Bank based on the Designs and Blueprints
2. Development of Software Application Programme
3. Generation of Question paper and the corresponding Marking Scheme
References:
1. Advantages
https://www.nios.ac.in/on-demand-examination.aspx
2. Learner’s view
https://comosaconnect.org/on-demand-examination-system odes-of-nios/
3.hat are on demand exams?
https://rcguwahati.nios.ac.in/ondemandexamination.html#:~:text=A%20set%20of%20Question%20Paper,
subject%20as%20and%20when%20demanded.
4. Features
https://ssset.in/examination.html
5. Framework for ODE
https://oasis.col.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d00ff700- e8d3-46d2-9cc2-946c8942d67f/content
Conclusion:
1. Pariksha provides several on-demand test types such as: Group Test and Customize Test.
2. Group Test: A parent can conduct test for his child and teacher can conduct test for whole class.
3. Customize Test: It is type of test in which student as well as parents and teachers can conduct test on any topic and of any marks.
4. This leads parent and Teacher’s interaction with student.
5. This leads student to create his own questions and develops an ability face different type of questions.
What is Personalized feedback?
1. Personalized feedback is a powerful tool that can enhance learning outcomes.
2. It tailors’ assessments to individual students, allowing for targeted improvement.
3. Effective personalized feedback promotes higher order thinking skills and metacognitive skills.
Why Personalized feedback is important?
According to the Students ‘ sense-making of personalised feedback in the context of learning analytics’ research paper, the study emphasizes the importance of instructors providing personalised feedback that is specific, actionable, and supportive to enhance students’ motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes.
By fostering students’ agency in their learning process and encouraging them to set and monitor their own learning goals, educators can effectively support students in developing their self-regulated learning skills.
Benefits of personalised feedback in learning:
Personalized feedback in learning plays a crucial role in promoting higher order thinking skills, metacognitive skills, and self-assessment. It goes beyond traditional feedback methods, offering tailored guidance that fosters critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity.
By providing students with personalized feedback, educators empower them to become active participants in their own learning journeys.
1. Higher order thinking skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving, allow students to analyse information, make connections, and apply knowledge to real world situations. Personalized feedback helps students develop these skills by guiding them through thought-provoking questions, encouraging them to examine multiple perspectives, and challenging them to find innovative solutions.
2. Metacognitive skills, such as self-reflection and self-regulation, are essential for effective learning. Personalized feedback prompts students to reflect on their
3. strengths and areas for growth, encouraging self-monitoring and self-adjustment. By providing specific, constructive feedback, educators empower students to take ownership of their learning process and become self-directed learners.
4. Self-assessment is another valuable skill that can be nurtured through personalized feedback. Students learn to evaluate their own work, set goals for improvement, and monitor their progress. This process enhances their ability to identify their strengths and weaknesses, fostering a growth mindset and a lifelong commitment to continuous learning.
Benefits of Personalized Feedback:
1. Promotes higher order thinking skills
2. Enhances metacognitive skills
3. Fosters self-assessment
4. Cultivates a growth mindset
Empowers self-directed learning
How To Provide Effective Feedback in Personalized Learning
Providing effective feedback in personalized learning requires a systematic and intentional approach. Here are some steps to follow:
1. Set Clear Learning Objectives
Before providing feedback, it is essential to establish clear learning objectives that align with the curriculum, standards, and students’ needs. Learning objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.
2. Use Formative Assessment
Formative assessment gathers information about students’ progress and understanding during learning. Formative assessment can take various forms, such as quizzes, observations, self-assessments, and peer assessments. Formative assessment helps teachers and students identify strengths and weaknesses, adjust learning strategies, and set goals.
3. Provide Timely Feedback
Timely feedback is essential in personalized learning because it allows students to make immediate adjustments to their learning. Timely feedback should be provided after an assessment or learning activity, and as soon as possible. Technology can be used to provide immediate feedback, such as automated quizzes or grading systems.
4. Use A Feedback Model
A feedback model is a structured approach to providing feedback that ensures it is specific, constructive, and actionable. One example of a feedback model is the SBI model (situation, behaviour, impact). The SBI model involves describing the situation, providing feedback on the behaviour, and describing the impact of the behaviour on the student’s learning.
5. Encourage Self-Reflection
Self-reflection is thinking critically about one’s learning and performance. Encouraging students to reflect on their learning can help them take ownership of it, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and set goals. Self-reflection can be supported through prompts, journaling, or discussion.
6. Provide Guidance and Support
Providing guidance and support to students on how to give and receive feedback effectively can help them develop communication and collaboration skills. Teachers can model effective feedback, provide examples, and facilitate peer feedback activities. Providing feedback on how to give feedback can also be helpful.
Challenges of Personalised feedback:
1. It’s crucial to consider how the delivery of feedback can influence a student’s mindset. Fixed mindset, where individuals believe their abilities are fixed and cannot be developed, can hinder their growth.
2. Feedback delivery should be mindful of nurturing a growth mentality, promoting the belief that skills and intelligence can be developed through effort and strategies.
3. Providing constructive feedback in a timely manner is another challenge, especially when dealing with self-paced learning activities. Without a teacher present to provide immediate feedback, students may face delays in receiving the necessary guidance for improvement.
References:
1. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ974510.pdf
2. https://elearningindustry.com/the-importance-of-feedback-in-personalized-learning
Conclusion:
1. Personalized feedback is about providing feedback that fits their unique needs, strengths, and areas for improvement. Providing personalized feedback is important because it helps individuals understand their strengths and areas for improvement in a way that’s specific to them.
2. Student has provided personalized feedback based on their performance. This leads students to understand weak area, get clarity about it and find areas for improvement. This also helps them to build self- esteem.
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